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While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers are wondering how to use education to insulate the next generation from such a fate. This 1 before. When the last wave of automation swept the developed world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided education was the answer. If machines were going to substitute for brawn, they reasoned, more people would need to use their brains. The US invested 2 in education, with good results. Workers reaped the benefits through better jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like this: "The industrial revolution 3 a race between technology and education — and, for most of the 20th century, humans won that race."